Izimpahla ezikhuphuka kakhulu ziyiqembu elingajwayelekile.Uma umkhiqizo okhuphuka nomfula usuvinjiwe, abaphakathi, amafekthri angaphansi komfula, ngisho nabathengi bazocishe “balale phezu kwezibhamu zabo”!Njengochungechunge lwemboni yezimoto ezintsha ezishisa kakhulu, ukushoda kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwebhethri ye-lithium kulethe izinselelo ezinkulu ekukhiqizweni kwamabhethri kagesi, okubambezele intamo yemboni yezimoto zamandla amasha.Uma kuwukuqhutshwa kwe-longitudinal nje, kulungile!Ngokumangalisayo, izimpahla nazo zingakhawulelana.Ngokwesibonelo, kusukela kulo nyaka, ukuguquguquka kwentengo kaphethiloli eBrazil kube nomthelela ophawulekayo emananini kashukela!
1. Ingqondo Yokudluliswa Kwethonya Lentengo Kawoyela Ongahluziwe Entengo Kashukela
Izinto zikashukela (ushukela/beet) zingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza kokubili ushukela kanye ne-ethanol, kanti i-ethanol isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni kukaphethiloli.Ngokukhuthazwa kwe-ethanol emazweni akhiqiza ushukela emhlabeni wonke, ingxenye ye-ethanol evela kumoba ikhule kakhulu.“Njengenkosi yezimpahla”, ukuguquguquka kwentengo kawoyela ongahluziwe kuzothinta intengo kaphethiloli, ngaleyo ndlela kudlulele ngentengo ye-ethanol, futhi ekugcineni kuthinte intengo kashukela.Ngokuzayo, intengo yemikhiqizo yezolimo izobe ihlobene kakhulu nentengo kawoyela ongahluziwe.
Umqondo womthelela wentengo kawoyela ongahluziwe enanini likashukela:
1) Njengempahla eluhlaza ekhuphuka nomfula, intengo kaphethiloli ocolisisiwe incike kakhulu kuwoyela ongahluziwe.
2) Ngokufanayo nendlela yentengo kawoyela ocolisisiwe wasekhaya, intengo kaphethiloli wasekhaya waseBrazil inqunywa iPetrobras ngokusekelwe esilinganisweni esilinganiselwe samanani kawoyela ongahluziwe wase-US (WTI), uwoyela ongahluziwe we-Brent (BRENT) kanye nophethiloli we-US unleaded (RBOB).
3) EBrazil, ngasohlangothini lokukhiqiza, inqubo yokucindezela umoba yezigayo eziningi zikashukela ingalungisa isilinganiso sokukhiqizwa kwe-ethanol noshukela.Ngokombono wamandla ezimboni zikashukela zikazwelonke, izinga lokulungiswa kwengxenye yokukhiqiza ushukela lilinganiselwa ku-34% - 50%.Ukulungiswa ikakhulukazi kuncike umehluko wamanani phakathi kukashukela ne-ethanol - lapho intengo kashukela iphakeme kakhulu kune-ethanol, izimboni zikashukela zaseBrazil zizokwandisa ukukhiqizwa koshukela;Lapho intengo kashukela iseduze naleyo ye-ethanol, izigayo zikashukela zizokhiqiza i-ethanol eningi ngangokunokwenzeka;Lapho izintengo zalezi zibili ziseduze, ngoba ukuthengiswa kwe-ethanol okuningi kuseBrazil, izimboni zoshukela zingakwazi ukuhoxisa imali ngokushesha, kuyilapho izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zokukhiqizwa kukashukela zisetshenziselwa ukuthekelisa, futhi isivinini sokuqoqwa kokukhokha sizohamba kancane.Ngakho-ke, lapho izimboni zikashukela eziningi ezweni, zivame ukukhiqiza i-ethanol.Okokugcina, eBrazil, ukulungiswa kwengxenye engu-1% yokukhiqiza ushukela kuzothinta amathani ayizigidi ezingama-75-80 wezimboni zikashukela.Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu, izimboni zikashukela zingalungisa izinga likashukela elingamathani ayizigidi eziyi-11-12 ngaphandle kokushintsha isivuno somoba, futhi leli zinga lokushintsha lilingana nokukhiqizwa kukashukela waseChina ngonyaka.Kungabonakala ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwe-ethanol yaseBrazil kunomthelela omkhulu ekuhlinzekeni kukashukela emhlabeni jikelele kanye nesidingo.
4) EBrazil, i-ethanol ngokuphelele ixutshwa ngempoqo nophethiloli omsulwa (uphethiloli A) ukuze yakhe uphethiloli C (27%);Ukwengeza, esiteshini segesi, abathengi bangakwazi ukukhetha ngokuguquguqukayo ukujova uphethiloli wohlobo lwe-C noma i-hydrous ethanol ethangini likaphethiloli, futhi ukukhetha kusekelwe ikakhulukazi emnothweni wakho womabili - inani le-calorific le-ethanol lilinganiselwa ku-0.7 kaphethiloli.Ngakho-ke, lapho isilinganiso samanani e-ethanol e-hydrous kuya ku-C-hlobo kaphethiloli singaphansi kuka-0.7, abathengi bazokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-ethanol futhi banciphise ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli;ngendlela efanayo
5) Ngaphezu kweBrazil, India, European Union namanye amazwe nawo akhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwe-ethanol.E-United States, njengomkhiqizi omkhulu we-ethanol emhlabeni, izinto zokusetshenziswa zincike emmbila, kodwa inani le-ethanol lommbila e-United States nalo lithintwa amanani kagesi.Ekugcineni, kukhona ukugeleza kwezohwebo phakathi kwe-ethanol yommbila wase-United States kanye ne-ethanol yomoba yaseBrazil.I-ethanol yaseMelika ingathunyelwa eBrazil, kanti i-ethanol yaseBrazil nayo ingathunyelwa e-United States.Isiqondiso sokungenisa nokuthekelisa sincike emehluko wentengo phakathi kwakho kokubili.
Uma kungekho ukuphikisana okusha okuyisisekelo, ubuthakathaka bamanje bemakethe kashukela yesikhashana buhlobene eduze nokwehla kwamanani kawoyela.Lapho intengo kawoyela ongahluziwe izinza, izimakethe zikashukela zasekhaya nezangaphandle kulindeleke ukuthi ziphinde zikhuphuke futhi.
2. Izinqubomgomo zamazwe amakhulu akhiqizayo ziyashintsha, futhi itimu yemakethe kashukela ithi “fresh”
"Ngokwezindawo ezishisayo zakamuva ezimakethe zikashukela zasekhaya nezangaphandle, iningi lazo lihlobene namazwe akhiqiza kakhulu."Umhwebi kashukela eNanning, eGuangnan, utshele izintatheli ukuthi kuze kube manje, amazwe amaningi emhlabeni wonke amemezele ukuvinjelwa noma imingcele ekuthengiseni ushukela ngaphandle kwawo, amazwe amakhulu emhlabeni akhiqiza futhi athumela ushukela iBrazil neNdiya abe nomthelela omkhulu emakethe. , kulandele iPakistan, Thailand, Indonesia namanye amazwe.
Kuyaqondakala ukuthi phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu angenhla akhiqiza ushukela, i-India ilinganisele inani eliphelele lokuthunyelwa kukashukela kwamanye amazwe.Isizathu esibekiwe siwukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kokutholakala kwayo ekhaya nokuvimbela amanani kashukela ukuthi anyuke.Ngokufanayo neNdiya, iPakistan nayo izama ukunciphisa amandla emali futhi iqinisekise ukutholakala kwayo ekhaya.Kodwa-ke, iPakistan yenza imizamo emikhulu kuneNdiya, futhi yamemezela ngokuqondile ukuvinjelwa okuphelele kokuthunyelwa kwayo ngaphandle kukashukela ekuqaleni kukaMeyi.Ngokombono weBrazil, ikhetheke kakhulu.Njengezwe elikhiqiza ushukela elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, unomthelela obalulekile ekutholakaleni kukashukela emhlabeni jikelele.Njengamanje, ngokumelene nesizinda samanani aphezulu kawoyela ongahluziwe wamazwe ngamazwe, izimboni zikashukela zaseBrazil ziyanqikaza ukukhiqiza ushukela owengeziwe, nakuba amanani kashukela nawo akhuphuke kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, kunezindaba zokuthi intela kaphethiloli eBrazil izoholela ekwehleni kwamanani kashukela.Imakethe yamanje inaka inqubekelaphambili yomthethosivivinywa.Kuyaqondakala ukuthi umthethosivivinywa waseBrazil (okusalungiswa) kungenzeka unciphise intela kaphethiloli, ikakhulukazi uphethiloli, okungase kuholele ekutheni izimboni zikashukela zisuke ekukhiqizeni i-ethanol ziye ekukhiqizeni ushukela, futhi ekugcineni zehlise intengo kashukela emhlabeni wonke.
Njengamanje, uhulumeni wase-Brazil ukhuthaza umthetho wokukhawulela intela ye-ICMS kuphethiloli ibe ngu-17%.Njengoba intela yamanje ye-ICMS kaphethiloli ingaphezu kwe-ethanol, futhi ingaphezu kuka-17%, lo mthethosivivinywa uzoholela ekwehleni kwentengo kaphethiloli.Ukuze uhlale unokuncintisana, i-ethanol kufanele yehliswe ngentengo.Ngokuzayo, uma intengo ye-ethanol yehla, lezo zimboni ezingakhiqiza i-ethanol eyengeziwe noma ushukela owengeziwe ngokwenani lemakethe zingaphendukela ekukhiqizeni ushukela, ngaleyo ndlela zandise ukutholakala komhlaba wonke.Ochwepheshe bathi emakethe kaphethiloli eyinhloko yaseSao Paulo, umthetho omusha ungase unciphise ukuncintisana kwe-ethanol uma kuqhathaniswa nophethiloli ngamaphesenti angu-8, okwenza kube nzima ngamanani e-biofuel ukuncintisana.
Kubuye kuqondwe ukuthi iVietnam izohlehlisa uphenyo oluphikisana nokulahla ushukela ocolisisiwe ovela komakhelwane base-ASEAN (i-Indonesia, iMalaysia, iCambodia, iLaos neMyanmar) kuya kuJulayi 21, izinyanga ezimbili kamuva kunomnqamulajuqu wokuqala kaMeyi 21. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Indonesian uhulumeni usenyuse ukukhishwa kwezimvume eziyisipesheli ezimbonini zokuhluza zasekhaya kanye nezigayo zikashukela.IVietnam ingelinye lamazwe angenisa ushukela ocolisisiwe kakhulu e-Asia.Kusukela uhulumeni ememezele ukuthi uzokhokhiswa intela engu-47.64% kushukela ocolisisiwe ovela eThailand, ukuthengwa kwawo ushukela ocolisisiwe ovela e-Indonesia kwenyukile.Ngemva kokuba iThailand ibeke amanani aphezulu okuthenga ushukela kushukela, ushukela owengeziwe ovela e-Indonesia, eMalaysia, eCambodia, eLaos naseMyanmar wagelezela eVietnam.
3. Ingxabano phakathi kukaphethiloli kanye nentengo kashukela
Uphethiloli ucoliswa kuwoyela ongahluziwe.Intengo kaphethiloli odayiswa iPetrobras kubasabalalisi isekelwe enanini le-import parity, elakhiwa inani lentengo kaphethiloli lamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezindleko umthengi ongaphandle angase azithwale.Lapho intengo kaphethiloli wasekhaya e-Brazil yehla enanini likawoyela lamazwe ngamazwe ukuya ezingeni elithile, iPetrobras izolungisa inani layo lasekhaya likaphethiloli ex yefekthri.Ngakho-ke, intengo kawoyela ongahluziwe yamazwe ngamazwe izothinta ngokuqondile amanani entengo ayisisekelo ePetrobras (intengo kaphethiloli weSigaba A).
Kusukela kulo nyaka, ethinteke isimo eRussia nase-Ukraine, intengo kawoyela ongahluziwe ikhuphuke kakhulu.NgoMashi 11, iPetrobras yenyusa intengo kaphethiloli ngo-18.8%.Inani elikhulu lemininingwane yocwaningo emakethe likhombisa ukuthi izimoto zikaphethiloli eziguqukayo zingasebenzisa uphethiloli C noma i-hydrous ethanol njengomthombo wamandla.Abanikazi bezimoto ngokuvamile bakhetha uphethiloli ngokusekelwe esilinganisweni sentengo ye-ethanol/uphethiloli.U-70% uwumugqa ohlukanisayo.Ngaphezulu komugqa ohlukanisayo, bakhetha ukusebenzisa uphethiloli, ngaphandle kwalokho bakhetha i-ethanol.Lokhu kukhetha kwabathengi kuzodluliselwa ngokwemvelo kubakhiqizi.Ezimbonini ezikhiqiza umoba, uma intengo kawoyela ongahluziwe ikhuphuka emhlabeni wonke, izobeka phambili ukukhiqizwa kwe-ethanol kunoshukela.
Isifinyezo somusho owodwa: intengo kawoyela yakhuphuka - intengo kaphethiloli yenyuka eBrazil - ukusetshenziswa kwe-ethanol kwenyukile - ukukhiqizwa kukashukela kwehlile - intengo kashukela yakhuphuka.
Njengomkhiqizi nomthengisi omkhulu kashukela emhlabeni, isikhundla seBrazil emakethe kashukela yomhlaba wonke sisobala kubo bonke.Nakuba izinga likashukela waseBrazil liphezulu, izinga lokusetshenziswa kwalo ekhaya libalelwa ngaphansi kuka-30% womkhiqizo.Ukuthengiswa kwawo emazweni angaphandle kwenza ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-70 omkhiqizo kashukela wezwe, kanye nangaphezulu kwama-40% okuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe.Kodwa-ke, okudidayo ukuthi, ngokungafani nomqondo omningi onquma ukukhuphuka nokwehla kwempahla, ubudlelwano bokuhlinzeka kanye nesidingo samanani kashukela akubonisi ngempela izinguquko emananini kashukela emhlabeni jikelele.Izici ezihilelekile ziyinkimbinkimbi kancane.Ngokuvamile, kuhlobene nokugxila ngokweqile kokukhiqizwa kukashukela emhlabeni wonke kanye nokuthekelisa kwamanye amazwe.Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna ukwazi inkambiso yentengo kashukela, kufanele uyibheke ngokuhlangana neBrazil, umkhiqizi omkhulu kashukela.
I-CICC yenze isiphetho esimele: endleleni yokubeka amanani kashukela emhlabeni wonke, into enqumayo yentengo kashukela wase-Brazil ilele ohlangothini lokuhlinzeka, hhayi ohlangothini lwesidingo.Ngokombono wezinto eziyisisekelo zasekhaya, ukusetshenziswa kwasekhaya kweBrazil kuzinzile eminyakeni yamuva nje, futhi umthamo wokunikezela uphakeme kakhulu kunokusetshenziswa okudingekayo.Ngakho-ke, ekuhlinzekeni kwesikhathi eside kanye nejika lesidingo, uguquko oluseceleni ohlangothini lokunikezela luyisihluthulelo sokunquma inani likashukela waseBrazil, kanye nento esemqoka ethinta intengo kashukela emhlabeni jikelele.Mayelana nentengo kashukela wamazwe ngamazwe, ngaphansi kokulindela isivuno esikhulu saseBrazil, ngokusho kwesibikezelo se-USDA, ukukhiqizwa kukashukela emhlabeni wonke ngo-2022/23 kuzophinde kwenyuke ngo-0.94% unyaka nonyaka kuya kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-183, kusesesimweni sokugcwala ngokweqile.
Ngamanye amazwi, mayelana nesimo samanje, ukudla ngeke kusweleke.Emakethe kashukela yamanje, kukhona ukungqubuzana phakathi kokwanda kokukhiqizwa emazweni akhiqizayo amakhulu kanye nokukhuphuka kwamanani kagesi.Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinguquko ezibalulekile ezilethwa intengo kawoyela ongahluziwe zizoba nomthelela omkhulu emananini kashukela.Ngokuzuza kwezinye izici ezinkulu, ushukela ongavuthiwe wesikhathi eside kulindeleke ukuthi uqhubeke ukhula uqine kanye nentengo kawoyela.
I-JinDun Chemicalizibophezele ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwama-acrylate monomers akhethekile namakhemikhali akhethekile ahlanzekile aqukethe i-fluorine.I-JinDun Chemical inezimboni zokucubungula ze-OEM e-Jiangsu, e-Anhui nakwezinye izindawo eziye zabambisana amashumi eminyaka, ihlinzeka ngokusekela okuqinile kwezinkonzo zokukhiqiza ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zamakhemikhali akhethekile.JinDun UChemical uphikelela ekudaleni iqembu elinamaphupho, enze imikhiqizo enesithunzi, ecophelelayo, eqinile, futhi aphume konke ukuze abe uzakwethu othembekile kanye nomngane wamakhasimende!Zama ukwenzaizinto ezintsha zamakhemikhaliulethe ikusasa elingcono emhlabeni!
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-22-2022